Seismic sensor holder and method

ABSTRACT

An apparatus includes a streamer having one or more sensor holders for retaining seismic sensors therein. The sensor holders have a reduced cross-sectional area to increase gel continuity and coupling through the streamer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/235,735, filed Aug. 21, 2009.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure generally relates to towed streamers for use in acquiring seismic data, and more specifically, to gel streamers and apparatuses and methods for increasing gel coupling and continuity through such streamers.

Seismic exploration involves surveying subterranean geological formations for hydrocarbon deposits. A seismic survey typically involves deploying seismic source(s) and seismic sensors at predetermined locations. The sources generate seismic waves, which propagate into the geological formations creating pressure changes and vibrations along their way. Changes in elastic properties of the geological formation scatter the seismic waves, changing their direction of propagation and other properties. Part of the energy emitted by the sources reaches the seismic sensors. Some seismic sensors are sensitive to pressure changes (hydrophones), others to particle motion (e.g., geophones), and industrial surveys may deploy only one type of sensors or both. In response to the detected seismic events, the sensors generate electrical signals to produce seismic data. Analysis of the seismic data can then indicate the presence or absence of probable locations of hydrocarbon deposits.

Some surveys are known as “marine” surveys because they are conducted in marine environments. However, “marine” surveys may be conducted not only in saltwater environments, but also in fresh and brackish waters. In one type of marine survey, called a “towed-array” survey, an array of seismic sensor-containing streamers and sources is towed behind a survey vessel.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a seismic streamer includes a sensor holder having a reduced cross-sectional area to increase gel continuity around the sensor. The seismic sensor holder includes one or more gaps defined therethrough to increase the gel continuity around the sensor and through the streamer. Additional manners of increasing gel continuity and coupling are described, such as profile reductions of the sensor holder. Additional manners of retaining the sensor within the sensor holder are also described.

Advantages and other features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following drawing, description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a marine seismic data acquisition system according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a partial broken-away, perspective view of a portion of a streamer according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a seismic sensor holder with sensor according to one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the seismic sensor holder with sensor of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a front view of the seismic sensor holder with sensor of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of another embodiment of a seismic sensor holder according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a front view of the seismic sensor holder of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment 10 of a marine seismic data acquisition system in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In the system 10, a survey vessel 20 tows one or more seismic streamers 30 (one exemplary streamer 30 being depicted in FIG. 1) behind the vessel 20. The seismic streamers 30 may be several thousand meters long and may contain various support cables (not shown), as well as wiring and/or circuitry (not shown) that may be used to support communication along the streamers 30. In general, each streamer 30 includes a primary cable into which is mounted seismic sensors 58 that record seismic signals.

In accordance with embodiments of the disclosure, the seismic sensors 58 may be pressure sensors only or may be multi-component seismic sensors. For the case of multi-component seismic sensors, each sensor is capable of detecting a pressure wavefield and at least one component of a particle motion that is associated with acoustic signals that are proximate to the multi-component seismic sensor. Examples of particle motions include one or more components of a particle displacement, one or more components (inline (x), crossline (y) and vertical (z) components (see axes 59, for example)) of a particle velocity and one or more components of a particle acceleration.

Depending on the particular embodiment of the disclosure, the multi-component seismic sensor may include one or more hydrophones, geophones, particle displacement sensors, particle velocity sensors, accelerometers, pressure gradient sensors, or combinations thereof.

For example, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure, a particular multi-component seismic sensor may include a hydrophone for measuring pressure and three orthogonally-aligned accelerometers to measure three corresponding orthogonal components of particle velocity and/or acceleration near the seismic sensor. It is noted that the multi-component seismic sensor may be implemented as a single device or may be implemented as a plurality of devices, depending on the particular embodiment of the disclosure. A particular multi-component seismic sensor may also include pressure gradient sensors, which constitute another type of particle motion sensors. Each pressure gradient sensor measures the change in the pressure wavefield at a particular point with respect to a particular direction. For example, one of the pressure gradient sensors may acquire seismic data indicative of, at a particular point, the partial derivative of the pressure wavefield with respect to the crossline direction, and another one of the pressure gradient sensors may acquire, a particular point, seismic data indicative of the pressure data with respect to the inline direction.

The marine seismic data acquisition system 10 includes a seismic source 70 that may be formed from one or more seismic source elements, such as air guns, for example, which are connected to the survey vessel 20. Alternatively, in other embodiments of the disclosure, the seismic source 70 may operate independently of the survey vessel 20, in that the seismic source may be coupled to other vessels or buoys, as just a few examples.

As the seismic streamers 30 are towed behind the survey vessel 20, acoustic signals 42 (an exemplary acoustic signal 42 being depicted in FIG. 1), often referred to as “shots,” are produced by the seismic source 70 and are directed down through a water column 44 into strata 62 and 68 beneath a water bottom surface 24. The acoustic signals 42 are reflected from the various subterranean geological formations, such as an exemplary formation 65 that is depicted in FIG. 1.

The incident acoustic signals 42 produce corresponding reflected acoustic signals, or pressure waves 60, which are sensed by the seismic sensors 58. It is noted that the pressure waves that are received and sensed by the seismic sensors 58 include “up going” pressure waves that propagate to the sensors 58 without reflection, as well as “down going” pressure waves that are produced by reflections of the pressure waves 60 from an air-water boundary 31.

The seismic sensors 58 generate signals (digital signals, for example), called “traces,” which indicate the acquired measurements of the pressure wavefield and particle motion (if the sensors are particle motion sensors). The traces are recorded and may be at least partially processed by a signal processing unit 23 that is deployed on the survey vessel 20, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, a particular multi-component seismic sensor may provide a trace, which corresponds to a measure of a pressure wavefield by its hydrophone; and the sensor may provide one or more traces that correspond to one or more components of particle motion, which are measured by its accelerometers.

The goal of the seismic acquisition is to build up an image of a survey area for purposes of identifying subterranean geological formations, such as the exemplary geological formation 65. Subsequent analysis of the representation may reveal probable locations of hydrocarbon deposits in subterranean geological formations. Depending on the particular embodiment of the disclosure, portions of the analysis of the representation may be performed on the seismic survey vessel 20, such as by the signal processing unit 23.

The main mechanical parts of a conventional streamer typically include skin (the outer covering); one or more stress members; seismic sensors; spacers to support the skin and protect the seismic sensors; and a filler material. In general, the filler material typically has a density to make the overall streamer neutrally buoyant; and the filler material typically has properties that make the material acoustically transparent and electrically non conductive.

Certain fluids (kerosene, for example) possess these properties and thus, may be used as streamer filler materials. However, a fluid does not possess the ability to dampen vibration, i.e., waves that propagate in the inline direction along the streamer. Therefore, measures typically are undertaken to compensate for the fluid's inability to dampen vibration. For example, the spacers may be placed either symmetrically around each seismic sensor (i.e., one spacer on each side of the sensor); or two sensors may be placed symmetrically about each spacer. The vibration is cancelled by using two spacers symmetrically disposed about the seismic sensor because each spacer sets up a pressure wave (as a result of inline vibration), and the two waves have opposite polarities, which cancel each other. Two seismic sensors may be disposed symmetrically around one spacer to achieve a similar cancellation effect, but this approach uses twice as many sensors. Furthermore, the latter approach may degrade performance due to nonsymmetrical positioning of the other seismic sensors.

When gel is used as the filler material, the noise picture changes, as flow noise (instead of vibration) becomes the dominant noise source. More specifically, the main mechanical difference between fluid and gel as a filler material is the shear stiffness. A fluid has zero shear stiffness, and shear stresses from viscous effects typically are negligible. The shear stiffness is what makes a gel possess solid-like properties. It has been discovered through modeling that the shear stiffness in gel degrades the averaging of flow noise. The degradation in the flow noise cancellation may be attributable to relatively little amount of gel being effectively available to communicate the pressure between each side of the spacer.

Referring to FIG. 2, more specifically, in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure, an exemplary streamer 30 includes an outer skin 102 that defines an interior space that contains a gel 104, a filler material; seismic sensor elements 120 (one seismic sensor element 120 being depicted in FIG. 2) disposed in seismic sensor holder elements 108 (one seismic sensor holder element 108 being depicted in FIG. 2); spacers, such as exemplary spacers 110, which are located on either side of each sensor element 106; and strength members 101 that provide longitudinal support and attachment points for the spacers 110 and holder elements 108.

Increasing the gel continuity and coupling throughout the streamer reduces flow noise. Accordingly, with reference to FIGS. 3-5, the seismic sensor holder 108 according to the present disclosure has a reduced profile (cross-sectional area) to permit such increased gel continuity and coupling. In one embodiment, the sensor holder 108 includes an outer surface 111 having opposing curved portions 112 interrupted by opposing flange portions 114. The curved portions 112 and the flange portions 114 cooperate with one another to define a concave recess 115 at each intersection of the curved and flange portions. The reduced cross-sectional area of the sensor holder 108 achieved by formation of the concave recesses 115 between the curved and flange portions 112, 114, respectively, effectively increases gel continuity and coupling along the sensor holder. In some embodiments, the recesses 115 are positioned substantially concentrically about a sensor 120 disposed in the sensor holder 108. It is to be appreciated that each recess 115 may take on a configuration other than that of a concave configuration. For example, the recess 115 may be defined as a channel having straight sides that extend in either a parallel or non-parallel manner. Still further, the recess 115 may have a square, circle or oblong configuration when viewed in cross-section.

The sensor holder 108 further includes a pair of apertures 116 defined through the holder. The apertures 116 generally correspond to the flange portions 114 as they are defined between the flange portions 114 and a pair of inner walls 118 extending from one curved portion 112 to the other curved portion 112. The apertures 116 receive the strength members 112 (FIG. 2) therethrough to thereby couple the sensor holder 108 to the strength members.

As illustrated in FIGS. 3-5, the sensor holder 108 accommodates the sensor 120 therein. The sensor 120 may be any sensor used in the acquisition of seismic data, such as a hydrophone or accelerometer. Of course, embodiments of a multicomponent streamer employing both hydrophones and accelerometers are contemplated. The sensor 120 may be disposed in the sensor holder 108 in such a manner that the sensor is retained within the holder. In some embodiments, the sensor 120 may be disposed within a housing 121 that is pressure fit to the sensor holder 108. To accommodate a pressure fit, the inner walls 118 of the sensor holder 108 may include a curved recess 122 defined therein that matches the contour of the housing 121. The inner walls 118 further cooperate with the curved portions 112 to define a pair of apertures 124 on opposing sides of the housing 121. In some embodiments, the apertures 124 flare outward (see 124 b in FIG. 3) from the curved recesses 122 to increase the area for gel to flow through, thus increasing gel continuity. In some embodiments, optical and/or electrical wiring (not shown) may pass through the apertures 124 along the streamer. The apertures 124 communicate with the area defined between the curved recesses 122, essentially resulting in one large aperture through the middle of the sensor holder 108. This arrangement thus permits increased gel coupling with the sensor holder 108 and housing 121 as the gel passes through the sensor holder 108.

In some embodiments, a different type of gel 126 (relative to the filler gel 104) is used to couple the sensor 120 to the housing 121. The gel 126 is disposed between the sensor 120 and the housing 121 and is generally of a denser nature relative to the filler gel 104. In some embodiments, the gel 126 may be a dielectric gel. The gel 126 may partially or completely encompass the sensor 120, thus decoupling the sensor from the surroundings.

The gel 126 may exhibit shock-absorbing properties, which permit the sensor 120 to be tested during assembly. The material properties (e.g., relative “softness”) of the shock absorbing gel provide a dampener between the housing 121 and the sensor 120, decoupling the sensor from the strength member noise. In some embodiments, the shock absorbing gel 126 is not thermo-reversible (or thermo-sensitive), and thus it holds the sensor 120 in place while the filler gel 104 is placed in the streamer 30. The shock absorbing gel 126 also holds the sensor 120 in place if the streamer 30 is later heated to remove the filler gel 104 from the streamer for repair.

The filler gel 104 is generally less dense than the gel 126 and is buoyant to thus impart buoyancy to the streamer 30. In some embodiments, the filler gel 104 is a mixture of a polymer and a hydrocarbon liquid and is thermoreversible.

In some embodiments, the sensor holder 108 further includes a bore 130 formed therein to receive a screw or other connector device therein. For example, the bore 130 may be threaded to receive a threaded screw 132. Referring to FIG. 6, the screw 132 secures a lateral retaining element 134 that wholly or partially extends laterally across the sensor 120 to thereby function as a stopper. The stopper 134 may be employed on one or both sides of the sensor 120 to thus provide protection against ejection of the sensor from the sensor holder 108 during deployment or operation. In some embodiments, the stopper 134 includes a first portion 137, which secures to the sensor holder 108 and a second portion 138 that curves up and away from the first portion such that the stopper does not come into contact with the sensor. A groove 136 may be formed along a face of the sensor holder 108 to provide a recess for placement of the stopper 134. In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 7, the sensor holder 108 may take an asymmetric configuration to accommodate placement of the stopper 134.

The recesses 115 and apertures 124 defined by the sensor holder 108 impart a reduced cross-sectional area to the holder, thus permitting increased gel continuity and coupling through the sensor holder 108 and streamer 30. It is to be appreciated that various equivalents are contemplated within the present disclosure, such as the recesses and apertures taking on a different shape or orientation from that described herein. For example, additional apertures are contemplated such that gel continuity and coupling are increased within the streamer. Still further, the sensor holder 108 may be perforated along certain or all portions thereof to thus further increase gel coupling and continuity.

While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a streamer having one or more sensors for detecting seismic signals, at least one of the sensors being disposed within a sensor holder, the sensor holder comprising: a pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, the sensor being separated from the apertures by inner walls of the sensor holder; and a second pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, the second pair of apertures being in communication with a housing disposed about the sensor.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor holder further comprises a pair of curved portions and a pair of flange portions, and the curved and flange portions cooperate to define concave recesses along an outer surface of the sensor holder.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the streamer is filled with a gel-like material, and the gel-like material is permitted to flow through at least one of the first and second pair of apertures of the sensor holder.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second pair of apertures includes a flare-out portion.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the streamer further comprises a pair of strength members, the strength members passing through the first pair of apertures to thereby couple the sensor holder to the streamer.
 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein a different type of gel relative to the gel-like material is disposed between the sensor and the sensor housing.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the different type of gel is denser than the gel-like material.
 8. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the different type of gel is not thermoreversible and the gel-like material is thermoreversible.
 9. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the different type of gel encompasses the sensor and decouples the sensor from the surroundings.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a retaining element secured to the sensor holder and extending laterally across the sensor.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the retaining element includes a first portion secured to the sensor holder and a second curved portion extending from the first portion.
 12. An apparatus, comprising: a streamer having one or more sensors for detecting seismic signals, at least one of the sensors being disposed within a sensor holder, the sensor holder having at least one recess defined along an outer surface thereof and an aperture defined therein, the recess extending from a first end of the sensor holder to a second end of the sensor holder, and the aperture extending from the outer surface proximal to the first end of the sensor holder toward the second end of the sensor holder.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one recess is a concave recess.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the concave recess is defined by the intersection of a curved portion and a flange portion of the sensor holder.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one recess comprises a plurality of recesses.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the recesses are disposed substantially concentrically about the sensor.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the sensor holder further comprises a pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, the sensor being separated from the apertures by inner walls of the sensor holder.
 18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the sensor holder further comprises a pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, whereby the pair of apertures are in communication with a housing disposed about the sensor.
 19. An apparatus, comprising: a streamer having one or more sensors for detecting seismic signals, at least one of the sensors being disposed within a sensor holder, the sensor holder having at least one recess defined along an outer surface thereof, the recess extending from a first end of the sensor holder to a second end of the sensor holder, wherein the sensor holder further comprises: a pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, the sensor being separated from the apertures by inner walls of the sensor holder; and a second pair of apertures defined on opposing sides of the sensor, whereby the second pair of apertures are in communication with a housing disposed about the sensor.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the streamer is filled with a gel-like material, and the gel-like material is permitted to flow along the at least one recess and through at least one of the first and second pairs of apertures.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the second pair of apertures includes a flare-out portion.
 22. A sensor holder for use in a gel streamer, comprising: a pair of opposing curved portions, the curved portions curving towards one another; and a pair of opposing flange portions defined between the opposing curved portions, the curved portions and flange portions defining a plurality of recesses along a periphery of the sensor holder, wherein the sensor holder includes an aperture defined therein, the aperture extending from an outer surface of the of the sensor holder in a direction parallel to a direction in which at least one of the plurality of recesses extends.
 23. The sensor holder of claim 22, wherein the plurality of recesses are a plurality of concave recesses.
 24. The sensor holder of claim 22, further comprising a pair of apertures defined therethrough for receiving gel through the sensor holder.
 25. The sensor holder of claim 24, wherein the apertures comprise a flare-out portion.
 26. A method for providing gel continuity through a gel-filled streamer, comprising: providing a sensor holder having a plurality of recesses formed along an outer surface thereof and a plurality of apertures formed therethrough, at least one of the apertures extending from an outer surface of the of the sensor holder in a direction parallel to a direction in which at least one of the plurality of recesses extends; and filling the streamer with gel to permit the gel to flow along and through the sensor holder. 